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Referencing
Footnotes, Endnotes, References, & Bibliographies - What's the Difference?
Footnotes & Endnotes are a form of in-text referencing. Both will have a small number placed at the end of a sentence, directly after the full stop. The numbers direct the reader to the foot of the page (footnotes) or the end of a chapter / book (endnotes) and a list of references. Endnotes can look tidy, coming at the end, and are preferred for non-academic texts.
A Bibliography appears at the end of a piece of writing (books / essays) and includes a list of all texts cited (these will be the works you have directly referenced with either footnotes or endnotes in the text). A bibliography can be divided into two two sections: Primary and Secondary sources. Each section is arranged alphabetically (i.e. author's surname first).
A Reference list also appears at the end of a piece of writing and will include all sources that have influenced your thinking.
Why Reference?
- Acknowledge the contribution of the work (words / ideas) of others that you might have borrowed for use in your own research
- To distinguish between your ideas and those of someone else
- Provide evidence to support your claims and validate your argument
- Direct readers and other researchers to the sources you have used
- Avoid accusation of plagiarism
What do I need to reference?
- Books
- Journal articles
- Newspapers
- Magazines
- Pamphlets / brochures
- Films / television programs
- Documentaries
- Advertisements
- Websites / electronic resources (including Picture Ipswich)
- Letters / emails / online discussion forums
- Oral histories / personal interviews
- Lectures / talks
- Diagrams / illustrations / charts / pictures
You do not have to reference your own
- Observations
- Experiences
- Thoughts
- Analysis
You also do not have to reference common knowledge, folklore and generally accepted facts or information.
When to Reference
Every time!
If you find something when you are researching and you make a note, photocopy or print out a page, always record where you got the information from. This makes it easier for you to go back and confirm the information and it makes it easier when you compile your information to know where you got it from.
How to Reference
When referencing, you need to record the essentials:
- Creator
- Title
- Publisher & place of publication
- Edition / volume (if applicable)
- Date of publication
- Web address (if applicable) and date accessed
These essential elements of a reference will help you to relocate your source, or help someone reading your work find the original source. Not all of these elements will be relevant to each of your source materials (e.g. publisher and place of publication will not be relevant for a web resource).
If you are referencing a book chapter, include the title of the book chapter in 'inverted commas' and the name of the book italicised. Likewise, if you are referencing a website, include the page name in 'inverted commas' and the name of the website italicised.
When building a bibliography / reference list, organise your list in alphabetical order.
Books:
Evans, Raymond A History of Queensland, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2007.
Lyndon, Jane Eye Contact: Photographing Indigenous Australians, Duke University Press, Durham, 2005.
Book chapters:
Alexander, Leslie & Alexander, Michelle 'Fear', in Hannah-Jones, Nikole, et al (eds) in The 1619 Project: A new American origin story, WH Allen, London, 2021, pp. 97-122.
Magazines:
McKay, Anna 'Floating Hell', in BBC History Magazine, October 2022, Vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 27-31.
Website:
Picture Ipswich, https://www.pictureipswich.com.au/, accessed 8 February 2023.
'Referencing', Picture Ipswich, https://www.pictureipswich.com.au/nodes/view/25637, accessed 8 February 2023.
Photos:
Drimal Studio, 'Students at Ipswich North State School, Downs Street, North Ipswich, 1917-1919', Picture Ipswich, https://www.pictureipswich.com.au/nodes/view/13412, accessed 8 February 2023.
F.A. Whitehead & Sons, 'Mrs George Johnstone, Ipswich, 1950s', Picture Ipswich, https://www.pictureipswich.com.au/nodes/view/8059, accessed 8 February 2023.
'Queensland National Bank, corner Edmond and Queen Streets, Marburg, Ipswich, c.1912', Rosewood Scrub Historical Society collection, Picture Ipswich, https://www.pictureipswich.com.au/nodes/view/11665, accessed 8 February 2023.
Newspaper:
'Ipswich and West Moreton Permanent Benefit Building and investment Society', Queensland Times, Ipswich Herald and General Advertiser, Thursday 6 September 1877, p.2 [Trove] https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122576120
Stenzel, M. 'Best Recipe for Week Ended December 18, 1950: One Egg Patty Cakes', Worker, Monday 8 January 1951, p.10. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71393124
Oral History:
Tom Farrell, interviewed by Robyn Buchanan, audio recording, n.d., 'Tom Farrell and sculpturing monuments in Ipswich, an oral history, 1995 [audio]', Picture Ipswich, https://www.pictureipswich.com.au/nodes/view/11075 accessed 8 February 2023.
ResourcesWhy is Referencing Important? [UNSW]Writing an annotated bibliography [UNE]Footnote Referencing (History) [UNE]